Archangelica - children German settlement
Chronicles of the ancient genus PEC (Paetz), little-known pages of history from the XIV century to the present day
Light memory of Evgeny Petrovich Bozhko, historian-researcher
The descendants "from England and sveyskoy Germans" in the Russian North

Содержание:
Stone island (instead of joining).
Part one. "...where the source of the Russian Fleet came from."
The secret of Willoughby's expedition.
"Goto Predestination" is a symbol of the Russian nation.
"De Grootvorst" mill name of Peter I.
The way to the throne had been washed in blood.
Part two. Children of the master in Russia.
Governor William W. Hoevelaken.
From one of the bakery (continued).
12 children of Ernestine, Blumenroeder.
The Danish Consul August A. PEC.
Baker and judge Frederick A. PEC.
The secret service of Her Majesty.
The angels disappeared and the crosses were stolen.
Medals and eagles of linen cloths.
There, where pine are worth giants, where mighty rivers flow.
Sea-mia because the nian, sie, milma you nia.
Ordnung uber Alles — Order above all else.
God's Providence has come to pass.
Part three. "...In this skulls pile – our red revenge»
With the stigma of "English spy".
Annex 1. Help the KGB.
Annex 2.
The sources used.
Stone island (instead of joining)

The eight-year-old boy, Arnold PEC, together with his parents, left the Great Ustyug on the night of December 1929. Suddenly collapsed established way of life and the orderly well being and good that a friend encasement whispered to her father: "Soon after you get there". To Kotlas raced on horseback, firing in the path from the wolves, then train to Leningrad, where they were sheltered by relatives Lindesy on Stone island*; and here the childhood of Arnold with odnogodka by Harald. Children's games in beautiful parks, swimming and boating in Malaya Nevka, school № 22 on Krestovsky island, museums of Leningrad and its history — everything was interesting to the impressionable boy. But it turned out not less interesting is the story of a family of a new friend. The mother of Harald came from a famous family of de Fontaine, the founder, Guillaume de Fontaine in 1096 during the first crusade distinguished himself in the battle with the Seljuks, Suleiman – Ibn – Kutalmis... Knightly valor Aleum de Fontaine during 3 and 4 of the Crusades is described in historical writings. This is followed by participation of the knights de fontanov in the hundred years war and the battle at Asyncore, killing almost the entire flower of French chivalry, devotional service the kings of France. The transition to Protestantism forced fontanov Huguenots after the massacre of St. Bartholomew to flee to the Netherlands. Many years later, one of fontanov – Johann des Fontaines (this has now become a surname) lives in Arkhangelsk, where is listed among the first "foreign merchants" van Brentano, Hoevelaken, Parov, Garnatov, Cleftones, Lindenow, Watershow, Brandt…
Came the 1941 year. Harald Lindes studies at the journalism Department of the University. Arnold PEC enters the "mid-terms". War, mobilization, fronts domestic and Japanese were separated friends. Since December 1941, the traces of Harald finally lost…

In 1976, Arnold was given the magazine "America illustrated" Russian version) with a portrait of the editor (Harald G. Lindes. Found an old friend! Correspondence meeting, an exciting story: in late 1942, Harald under Medvezhegorsk gets captured by the Finns ... Destroyed, retreating red Army Petrozavodsk gun in place of Lenin on the circular square and here the office of the Finnish concentration camps. Then there were prisoners of war camps in Norway, brutally destroyed by the "carpet" bombing of the allies Hamburg, new York in 1951, work in the magazines "National geography" and "America". With great opportunities, Harald devotes much time to the study of the pedigrees of foreign surnames of the Russian North. He then gives impetus to Arnold Petrovich in this direction, suggests the search path, shares materials.
More than twenty years worked for A. P. PEC in the archives of V. Ustyug, Vologda, Arkhangelsk, Petersburg, and corresponded with German researchers E. N. By amburger, H. Meyer – von Altram, Ulf Krause, Edward L. Carr, etc…
Here, in Petrozavodsk, we did not know much about our pedigree; after such a terrible war, every German did not separate from the fascist, and this knowledge was not welcomed then. Our related branches of long-gone: the February revolution, the October tragedy of Russia, which lasted for 70 years, the period of post-Soviet circus ... My second cousin Lydia PEC moved after marriage from Kemi to Arkhangelsk, by chance met there with our family and wrote about it in Petrozavodsk.
... Arnold Petrovich repeatedly advised me to visit Arkhangelsk, the city of our ancestors. From the blessed lands of Germany, Switzerland, England and Holland they went from the 16th century to the Russian North, especially after the publication in 1702 in Germany of the Manifesto of Peter I, who invited entrepreneurs and artisans on favorable terms and accurate execution of these promises by Russia.
... Arkhangelsk is more Petrozavodsk, with an interesting past, but of course, the history of the German settlement, with which this city began, is more interesting.

...Natalia L., Leitinger introduces me to the Dvina land — the ancient Zavolochye: here the Northern Dvina embankment — there were planted by the first settlers, the Cape PUR — Navolok — here in the 12th century, was the Archangel Michael monastery, which is the name of the city, Gostiny Dvor, where seething commercial life. Here the Church of St. Catherine, where from 1763 to 1776 held a service of our common forefather, Reverend Albertus Hoolboom (Egbertus Hoolboom), family tree which dates back 600 years in the Netherlands born in the Dutch city of Deventer, and found his calling and happiness in the far North of Russia. Here is the Lutheran cemetery with the graves of our ancestors, the Solombala, the quarter of the former German settlement» …
Having received from Arnold Petrovich materials and blessing to continue the main work of his life, for several years I have been involved in the restoration of the tree of our common family, I conduct correspondence, I visit the places where my ancestors lived. I learned a lot during this time about the family of my grandmother, of German settlement in Arkhangelsk, where she was raised by their aunts miss Emilia PEC and Mrs. Matilda Clifton, many of our other relatives, Dutch and German blood which mingled with Russian, Ukrainian, Karelian, and others. Gradually came the realization that these materials are valuable not only for me, that the history of my family is a part of the history of Russia, which my ancestors served not for fear but for conscience for more than three centuries.
(*Since the Foundation of St. Petersburg, the Stone island has become one of the elite districts – eminent nobles and members of the Royal family erected palaces and estates, arranged greenhouses, ponds and parks, where festivals and masquerades were held. In the early 1960-ies, a student of medical Institute (LSGMI), I lived on a Stone – Malaya Nevka, 11 in the former mansion of Peter of Oldenburg, a grandson of Empress Maria Feodorovna. In this house visited by A. S. Pushkin, near removing the country from 1834 to 1836, and their children he baptized here in the Church of St John the Baptist, which was called for before the duel. Unfortunately, I did not know then that the square of the Old theatre in building 32 lived and Arnold Petrovich PEC and Harald Lindes Garoldovich.

And today, Stone island is a terrific place for a stroll: fast Malaya Nevka, the amazing architecture of villas and mansions, wonderful nature, oak of Peter I, cemetery of the Royal horses, a yacht club on the river. And the nightingales…)
Part one. "...where the source of the Russian Navy happened»
The mystery of the expedition of Willoughby
“In the summer of 7063 in the winter overseas Karelians found at the Murmansk Sea two ships are anchored in places, and the people on them are all dead, and the goods on them a lot” (Ancient Russian Vivliothecs (ed. 2) XVIII. The Dvina chronicler, p. 12). In the logbook flagship "of bona of Esperanza" fishers found a record of Hugh Willoughby (Hugh Willoughby), the head of the company "Mystery and Company...", went in search of the northeast passage to China, to break the trade monopoly of Spain and Portugal, which controlled the route across the Atlantic ocean. From the records of Admiral Willoughby followed that three ships of the expedition were separated on 3 August 1553 near the Norwegian island of Senja, and the two of them storm hijacked to a New Land. Hence, " bona Esperanza "(good Hope) and" bona Confidence "(good hope) went South to the Kola Peninsula, where on September 18, both ships entered the Harbor," two miles long vrezyvavshuyusya in the mainland and had a half-mile width... " (about 2.7 km) .
On this desert shore, they, and they remained for the winter, and there Kem and dvinskie Pomors who came to the hunting sea mammals, and found them at the mouth of the river Varzina. Expedition was utterly not adapted to the Arctic winter. People fed on corned beef and cod from their stocks. The cold, darkness and despair has exacerbated the suffering of sick people with scurvy. A sinister picture - some dead on two ships loaded with goods, found pomory: "died, frozen to death" (Dvina chronicle) all 63 people, just a couple of months without waiting for help.
The reason for the simultaneous death of people and dogs is completely incomprehensible and mysterious. But since all were found in the premises of the vessel (s), we can assume that the crews caught up with some kind of disaster. However, on the ship there was no sign of panic or other desperate actions taken by people, knowing that it was the last few moments of life. The bodies of the victims were in such postures, like instant death caught them in a moment of their everyday lives. Someone was sitting at the table for the unfinished meal. Someone froze the everyday movement of opening the Cabinet. And someone stood forever bending over the notebook in which took notes.
But everything you need for polar wintering from British. This is much food in the holds, and fresh meat behind herds of frightened deer and seals, fresh water in the river Varzina. The last entry in the diary Willoughby dated January 1554 – 4 months after the beginning of wintering: "...no tree, no living soul around, only bears, deer, walruses, Yes Arctic foxes." Because it is clear that no one was not going to die. But then something happened.…
A strange story-the cause of death of all people and dogs is completely incomprehensible and mysterious. For more than 450 years, the mystery of The death of Willoughby expedition remains unsolved. Here is not visited by the researchers, although it is not the inaccessibility of. Simply the coast of the Kola Peninsula entering a border zone is still under control of military. But, on the other hand, perhaps due to the military, territory is not invaded by "black archeologists" and to this day represents a kind of "reserve white spots".



... And in further years the fishermen of the Northern Dvina and Mezen, white sea coast-dwellers from Kemi, magpies, Composed and Podujatia constantly came to Murman in summer and winter in their encampments. Fresh water Varsini of the river, its sandbanks, where the good summer was caught seining capelin and sand eel for bait tier, good catches of cod and halibut in the coastal zone of the Barents sea; in winter, the herds of harp seals of Noseeum island from ancient times attracted the coast-dwellers on the trapping fields.
... And the third ship of the fleet "Edward Bonaventure" (Edward – Good company) under the command of an experienced captain Richard Chancellor (Chancellor, Richard)suffered less from the storm. Having rounded the North Cape, it came into the Harbor of vardø. After standing for a week in anticipation of Willoughby (arrangements), cansler at your own risk continued swimming. Moving forward on unknown waters, "Edward Bonaventure", on memoirs of the participant of expedition of Kliment Adams," ... came so far that appeared in places where at all there was no night where constantly the clear light of the sun over the terrible and mighty sea shone". Finally, the ship Censor penetrated into the White sea and on 24 August 1553, entering into the Dvina Bay, moored to the shore in the Bay of St. Nicholas, opposite the St. Nicholas monastery karelskogo.
(From Dvina chronicle: "Come to the ship with the sea at the mouth of the Dvina river and obosralsya came to Kholmogory in the case of small ships from the English king Adear Ambassador Ricart, and with it the guests.") The Russian people did not know that in this moment they were "discovered".
From the locals, amazed by the appearance of a large ship, the British learned that this coast – Russian. Then they announced that they have a letter from the English king to the king and want to start with the Russian trade. Providing the British victuals, the Governor Fofana Makarov sent Richard Chancellor in Moscow, where Ivan IV expressed his desire to establish trade relations with England. Russian Tsar at the time was a young man twenty-three years old, which did not prevent him to understand what benefits promise direct trade relations with England through the Northern sea route (before that trade was conducted through intermediaries in the Baltic sea). Besides doubly useful to enlist the support of a powerful ally for the impending war with Livonia.
... The result of Richard Chensler's voyage was the appearance of our country on the English trading cards. The British discovery of the sea route to Muscovy equated to the discovery of the route to India and the discovery of Muscovy – the discovery of America by Columbus: they did not want to give sea of glory nor the Portuguese, nor Spaniards. Chanslor, as a reward for the expedition was "a great commander and Navigator of the Navy."
"Mystery "was renamed" Moscow company " – "Muscovy Trading company" with a patent from Queen Maria Tudor. Trade with Russia quickly brought revenue to the English merchants. Trail of Chancellor at the mouth of the Dvina rushed shopping people from different countries here with a light hand of the terrible Russian Tsar began the practical development of the West a great country, and trade with England was beneficial. Russia, soon entered the war with Livonia, received from the British everything necessary for the army: gunpowder and armor, sulfur and saltpeter, copper, tin and lead. In turn, the Russian forest and hemp helped England to stand in naval battle with Spain (thirty years later, Admiral Francis Drake, who defeated the "Invincible Armada", asked the English Ambassador to Moscow to thank the son of Grozny, king Fyodor Ivanovich, for the excellent equipment of their ships, which allowed to defend the independence of England).
....The Russian Tsar returned to the English merchants ships and goods, and those in July 1556 sailed back as a part of a squadron to England. But there these two ships never came (unlike the others). "Bona Esperanza" went missing along with all the new crew and Russian goods, and "Bona Confldenza" crashed against the stones near the Norwegian Trondheim. Such a mystery.
Corner of Europe
... The Royal Charter to the Governor Peter Nashokin and Paleshanina Volkovu of 4 March 1583 read: "the City to do at that place and on the extent and drawing, kakovo sent to us, in a hurry". A year later, in 1584 in Moscow were sent a "formal reply" to the Governor: "the City of wooden one year is put" around Michael the Archangel monastery. Arkhangelsk became in the seventeenth century first and only international sea trade port of Russia, not counting Astrakhan. In XVI-XVII centuries up to 50 foreign vessels came to Arkhangelsk annually. Privileges granted by Ivan the Terrible to foreign merchants (and confirmed by Boris Godunov), the right to trade duty-free throughout Russia and to arrange their Lounges in Arkhangelsk, Moscow, Vologda and other cities attracted Western trading people to Russia. Many foreigners here and settled. The British competed with the Dutch.

But in 1649 Alexey Mikhaylovich, the father of Peter I, limited movement across the country of the English merchants, having ordered them to come: "tokmo to Arkhangelsk for many unfair and harmful them for trade of the Russian act, especially, for the murder of the king Charles I committed in England". And there are already merchants from Holland and the Hanseatic cities have achieved significant advantages in the competition. Immigrants from Germany became the third big wave of foreign settlers in Russia. In the centre of the city was built by foreigners private houses and commercial offices, shipyards on the river Dvina, in the exchange hall of Gostiny Dvor was held a mutual commercial transaction. Foreigners have formed part of Europe — the village where they lived Russified (and neorussia) the Dutch, British, Germans, Danes, Norwegians, and dozens of other nationalities, while maintaining domestic culture and religion and actively participating in the social life of the city. They've got families, took Russian citizenship, some took Russian names and surnames.
I don't speak Russian, here, as in Moscow, were called "Germans" and the settlement became known as "German". It stretched from Gostiny Dvor almost a kilometer down the river embankment.
Clean streets, solid wooden sidewalks, not bent under the feet of passers-by, buried in greenery, neat houses with red roofs, competing with each other in richness finishes and lace curtains on the Windows and flower pots on the window sills, reminiscent of one of the quarters of the German town, the similarity with which emphasized Lutheran Church with a Gothic roof and bell tower. To 1693 on the Dvina embankment was 29 households foreigners; the Dutch in Arkhangelsk remained the most, they were brought to the North even their cows, who dormeuses on the local water meadows, gave rise to the famous black-and-white Kholmogory breed, which in the eighteenth century became known almost throughout the European part of the country.


... In the summer of 1693, a young Russian Tsar Peter I headed to Arkhangelsk. He met there with many Dutch, British and Hamburg merchants, and visited in their homes: hot feather-bed; on napkins Gothic lettering stitch: sayings from the Bible and moral maxims; on holidays dancing to the violin, pork and cabbage, and beer. The inhabitants of the "German settlement," then were not viewed as heretics, on the contrary, began to adopt European customs. In the shops there was a lot of foreign goods: medicines, thread, needles, Amsterdam, Atlas, Venetian velvet, London cloth, Danzig blankets, silk, woolen cloth, lace, gold and silver items, glass-ware and other luxury goods, wine, metals, guns, fancy goods, paints — everything here can be bought, as in any European city. On their ships "Germans" loaded: honey, yuft, pitch, meat, lard, dried and salted fish, flax, hemp, ropes from which were considered the best in the world, and on decks laid mast wood.
On may 30, after the feast of the Holy Trinity with its few retinue and Archbishop Athanasius on his 12-gun yacht Saint Peter, the Tsar sailed to Solovki. 120 miles from Arkhangelsk the yacht was caught in a terrible storm; the collapse was inevitable, and the king, communion, chalice spare gifts from the hands of Athanasius. Peter himself stood behind the wheel. Of all those who were on the yacht, only the Emperor and the logger from the Karelian village Sumposad Antippa Timofeev did not lose their spirit. The yacht is freed from death, when the king took the wheel, Antippa safely guided it through the dangerous passage Unckie Horns — two number of submerged rocks to a calm anchor in place Unscol lip. On the shore was crowded the few brethren Pertominsk men's monastery. Dressed in a different dress, all that was done on it, the Emperor bestowed Antippa in the memory and, moreover, he determined the retirement to death. A few days the king spent in Pertominsk monastery in memory of his rescue of the Emperor himself made a large wooden cross, and carved on it in Dutch: "Dat Kruys maken kaptein Piter. van. a. Chr. 1694" ("This crestwell skipper Peter in the summer of 1694 of Christ"), he took it and was erected on the place where landed.

Then "Saint Peter" took a course on Solovki, island white gulls and black monks. When a large ringing in prednisone crosses and banners, to meet the Emperor came ashore all the brethren, congregational in festive vestments ahead. Archimandrite offered the Emperor a cross to kiss. The Emperor went to the assumption Cathedral, where, after hearing the prayer, venerated the relics of the Wonderworkers, at the Liturgy, he stood on the choir and sang to the singers. In the Transfiguration Cathedral, the Emperor expressed his desire to build an iconostasis and Royal doors "to his sovereign Treasury". June 13, "Saint Peter" arrived in Arkhangelsk. "The safe return of the Emperor — wrote provincial newspaper — such a dangerous trip was to celebrate a few days in a row cheerful feasts... <...> spared neither wine nor gunpowder". Before leaving, the king lays in the city sorokousty ship, and another was instructed to buy in the Netherlands. On the way home, at the plant in Olonets, Peter himself poured guns and sharpened rigging blocks for the laid ship. During lent in Arkhangelsk was sent samopaly 1000 and 2000 pounds of gunpowder.

"Holy prophecy — - the Forerunner of the Russian fleet
At the end of the thaw the next summer Peter again in a hurry to Arkhangelsk and twentieth of may descends upon the water the frigate “St. Paul”. The year before Peter ordered "to issue an order to the Dutch shipbuilder and shipyard owner Nicholas WITZ to build military and galleys 44-gun frigate", who waited now with impatience. 21 Jul 1694 in Dvina Bay seemed to be 3 ships — 2 English and, among them, at that time a 40-gun frigate, built for the East India shipyard master Gerrit Field in Holland called "Santa Protetia" — "Holy Prophecy". Tsar Peter on his yacht went to meet him, saluted the frigate, he introduced it to the mouth of Dvina and put it in a safe place near the Solombalsky island. The joy upon receipt of the ship was marked according to the custom of great feasts. "What long desired, now made, — wrote Peter to Moscow — more vastly to write this post; and now, oboseala, it is inconvenient to write a lengthy, more same and impossible; inasmuch as in such cases is always Bacchus is revered that its leaves overshadow the eyes although lengthy, pisati".
On August 14, Peter raised his red-blue-white standard "inverted Dutch flag" for the first time on the "Holy Prophecy"under the cannon fire. Catching the sails of the South wind "shelonik", "Holy Prophecy" and "Holy Peter" and "Saint Apostle Paul" went to sea, accompanied in marching order eight Dutch and English merchant ships. Knowing the Dutch language, swimming with the Dutch was for Peter “marine literacy”; the Emperor was interested in everything: from supplying beer to the captain before the cleaning of the sails. Bringing the caravan to the Holy Nose, the extreme point of the White sea, the ships exchanged a good-bye salute and left. King — skipper ("cipher", as he called himself Peter, and called him around), he returned to Arkhangelsk after being at sea 10 days. So ordinary "amusing travel" to the city on the White sea became an event in the life of young Peter. He saw the real sea, made sailing in dangerous elements, so different from the quiet suburban ponds. Having been on foreign ships and saw the commercial life of the seaside town, Peter realized the huge benefits here by foreigners. He loved the sea and concluded that only the sovereign has two hands, who has the army and Navy, and in Arkhangelsk, one should seek the origins of the Maritime power of the Petrine Russia.

The frigate "Holy Prophecy" under the command of Dutch captain Jan Flama, in 1696, made a voyage with public goods: bread, meat, resin and potash in Amsterdam and returned safely to Arkhangel'sk. "Holy Prophecy" could not be considered a powerful warship, his guns of small calibre were placed only on the upper deck, under which was located the cabin and cargo hold. Therefore, he was soon disarmed and turned into a "merchant". But it is this Dutch ship was the forerunner of the mighty Russian fleet, justifying its name!
"Constable Peter Mikhailov»
The young king realizes that the vastness of Russia it is necessary to allow free exit in the South seas: Azov and Black. The implementation of this idea was facilitated by the fact that Russia has been in hostile relations with Turkey since 1686, under whose control, the Crimean Tatars, ruined our southern borders. It was decided to take possession of the mouths of don and Dnepr, and most importantly, the fortress of Azov ("Saad — ul-Islam" — "the Stronghold of Islam", Turkish.) locking the exit from don to the Black sea…
... After the capture of Azov, Peter poisoned himself in Europe to the shipyards of Italian, Dutch and English under the guidance of these masters to study shipbuilding in all its forms. Realizing that he will be welcomed there as the king — all show, but not until then did not allow, Peter went with the "Great Embassy" incognito, that is officially abroad went to "the Preobrazhensky regiment Sergeant Peter Mikhailov". So he felt much freer, being on a par with their teachers.
August 8, 1697, visiting Riga, Mitava, Pillau, Koenigsberg and other cities, Peter arrived in the Holand town of Saardam (now Zaandam), 20 kilometers from Amsterdam, where he settled on the street Krimp in the house of the shipsmith Gerrit Kist (Gerrit Kist), met with him at the shipyards of Arkhangelsk.
9 Aug Peter began work at the shipyard Lipsti Rogge along with other carpenters. In Saardam, Peter was only 8 days; in a small town soon everyone will know who is hiding under the guise of a simple carpenter. And cardascia carpenters, who lived in Moscow and Voronezh, has written home that de is going to Holland himself the king of Moscow, hiding among the minor officials of the Embassy; and to recognize it easily: shakes his head, waving while walking with my hands on his cheek he had a wart, and the growth of the it giant. Peter's incognito was violated, and annoying spectators made his residence in Saardam unbearable, especially since there were built small merchant and whaling ships, and large warships — the main thing that interested him — collected on the shipyards of Amsterdam.
On August 16, the Embassy's Grand entrance to Amsterdam took place. Peter said the city's mayor, Nicholas WITZ (Nikolas Vitsen), difficulties in Saardam, and he recommended the king to postpone the work at the Amsterdam shipyard of the East India company and, as one of its Directors, contributed to the decision of the Board on the adoption of "noble persons living incognito", at the shipyard, and disqualification for residence house cable car masters around the. And so that this person could see and trace the entire construction of the ship, the company's Directors decided to lay a new frigate 100 feet long. The king was delighted.
A state within a state
The shipyard of the East India company was less accessible to the curiosity of Cherni. Here Peter was not annoyed by ceremonies, hypocritical court etiquette. It was not customary to collect autographs or ask for interviews. Under the leadership of the shipyard Manager shipmaster Gerrit Claesz Pool (Gerrit Claesz Pool) began this study of Peter. Every morning he appeared at the shipyard with the tools in the hands of the appeal is simple: "Timmerman (carpenter gall.) — Peter" the King is even prepared food for himself, abandoning servants.

...As far as it was possible to trace German researchers Eric N. The amburger, Heinrich Meyer – background Altru Sven and Rick Fisher, the founder of one of the three branches of our family was a ship's master Cornelis Paul (Pool Cornelis van Alphen), who came to Amsterdam from the southern Netherlands (the town of Alphen aan den Riyn, East of Leiden) and started career as a journeyman ship carpenter in "Kompanie van Verre, which in 1602 turned into a great East India company with the main capital 6.600.000 guilders and lasted until 1798. It was called a "state within a state", as the company enjoyed monopoly of trade from the Cape of Good Hope to Cape horn; had the right, on behalf of the States General to declare and wage war, to conclude peace, to coin money, to build cities and strongholds, to produce civil and criminal court, to execute people, to appoint officials, to enter into contracts with the native authorities, to collect taxes and issue money. The company owned colonies in Indonesia, Ceylon and other parts of the globe.

It traded copper, silver, textiles, cotton, silk, ceramics, sugar, spices and opium with Japan, China, Ceylon, Indonesia. The East India company was founded a network of trading posts at the Cape of Good Hope, Persia, Bengal, Malacca, China, Siam, Formosa.
In 1610, Chinese tea and coffee were brought to the Netherlands for the first time, the income from the trade of which was huge. The opium trade, and especially the slave trade, in which the Dutch had pioneered, had proved very profitable.
...In 1603 the Fields Cornelis was born the son of Claes (Cornelisz Claesz Pool), from early childhood, studied under his father at the shipyard and then replace him as the master. 29 Oct 1629, when Klaas in the Oude Kerk was engaged to 18летней Gertie, Gerritt (Geertje Gerretsdr.), daughter of Tithe, Tourist. (Tietgie Teunisdr.) and Gerrit Janson (Janson Gerrit) judges of the Amsterdam prison, Cornelis, Paul and his wife were still alive, and both died before the census of the inhabitants of Amsterdam 27.06.1637. In 1657, CLAAS Paul in the census book named the shipbuilder living on Foeliestraat. He died on 5 August 1668 and was buried in Sint Anthonis-kerkhof. Widow of Klaas, Gertie, called the died in 1679 at the announcement of the marriage of her younger son, Gerrit Field.
Master Paul and Peter king
Many members of the Paul family served in the East India company as accountants, carpenters, shipbuilders, captains floating around the world. The Klaas and Gertier family had 11 children, our line continues from the youngest and most famous – the shipyard Manager Gerrit Paul, thanks to his pupil – Russian Tsar Peter I. Gerrit Claesz Pool was born and baptized in Zuidekerk (southern Church) on February 19, 1651. In the first marriage, Gerrit, had already chartered ship carpenter, living independently on the Rapenburg, entered August 29, 1679, 28-year-old Marricle, Andr. van Saanen (Marritye Jansdr. van Saanen. 1651-1693), paivassa then, on the Heiligeweg. With the announcement of the marriage the groom was attended by only the elder brother of Gerrit captain Ian Paul (Johannes Pool), since the bride was her sister. The wedding ceremony was performed 29.08.1679 year in the Nieuwe Kerk in Amsterdam. The family lived on Oosterburg about the East India Wharf, were born 8 children. 25.11. 1686 Gerrit Paul becomes the ship's master. The "about his service in the East India company" along with the annual maintenance of 1,200 Gulden, is indicated payment by the company of renting a house master, along with light and heating, and a separate line beer money, which at the time was an important part of the food content. The story became the second wife of Gerrit Fields, Eva Snellings (Eva Snellings), where, having become a widower, he married 24 November 1693. At the announcement of the marriage 43-year-old bride, living on the island of Niewe, invited her sister Marritje (Marritje Jacobs Snellings). The second family had no children, but this is the wife of the wizard, Fields are always welcome "shardakova carpenter Peter Michaeloff". She died in 1726 and was buried at Oude Kerk (in the side chapel of the Old Church).
And for a long time later the Dutch told their children and grandchildren, passed from family to family, as they saw king Peter, who worked at the shipyard; how, tired by work, in spite of sweat, he sat down on a tree stump and lowered the axe between his legs, friendly talked with his comrades. He spoke willingly and with foreign visitors, unless they just called it "Peter Timmerman" or "Peter Baas", but turned away and did not answer a word, when welcomed him "Sire" or "Your Majesty". However, in any case, he did not like long conversations and after a few minutes, returned to the interrupted work. Once upon a time a noble Englishman from the castle of Loo (Oran princes ' castle in Holland) visited the shipyard to see Peter, and Baas Paul, to point him out to the visitor, shouted to the great carpenter: "Peter! Timmerman Of Saard! Why don't you help your comrades?"carrying a heavy log at that time. Peter obeyed them unquestionably, ran up to them, put his shoulder under the tree and carried it together with other carpenters to the appointed place to the great surprise of the viewer.

Peter valued the work at the shipyard, so he reduced his participation in social events and ceremonies to a minimum. In the evenings, resting from work, went it into some Gerber (restaurant) and the Dutch pipe in his mouth, a beer or a glass of gin and talked with the visitors gerbera: ship carpenters, blacksmiths, sailors, craftsmen. He came to work mates, they have sat for a couple of hours of beer and conversation, and in the family of his Baath party, to which he had become attached, and often had lunch at home. This attachment to Gerrit Paul remained with Peter for many times, as evidenced by the further correspondence of the master with the Russian Tsar.
The Emperor is still a student, Europe him — like a big German settlement. Guardian of The great Embassy, mayor Nicholas Witzen leads Peter everywhere and shows him everything: factories, workshops and hospitals. Curiously inspects Peter saw-mills, churns, sukhovoli, managerially and other mills that filled, sallandsche village. He tries to stop the windmill behind the wing to examine its mechanism, in Zandik helps workers in the structure of grains for the merchant Calf, at the mill De Kok (Cook) sees the process of making paper, in Leiden watches the opening of corpses, and in the synagogue the circumcision of the baby. In Amsterdam, Peter examined the Kunstkammer, animal and bird yards (menagéries) and churches (he loved Quaker); he visited the "gap" houses (brothels), as well as a collection of scientists, where he listened to their debates. It was in Holland that Peter got acquainted with European civilization and culture, for the first time saw the town hall, Admiralty, circus, shelters for children and even a house for the insane. Once the first time on the play, he witnessed "intimidation of hell and marvelous dances, and other consolations." Many useful and beautiful, which could learn from Russian people, saw Peter in the Netherlands: the cutest dam, countless channels; diligence, neatness — all were fascinated by him, all Dutch he loved, like his native, loved Dutch products, especially cheese, but prefer Flemish shoes. Dutch Newspapers, "on which was making his remarks," the Emperor he "used to read after lunch."
Months of work on Ostenburg shipyards of the East India company held a gift for the king, he repeatedly returned to them in their thoughts, letters, deeds.


"Shipbuilding Paradise" shipyard made a strong impression on Peter. The first is a five-storey warehouse building with a dome, the embodiment of the sea power of the East India company and the Netherlands. The stock is this practical for the Dutch was the more beautiful of all the palaces and cathedrals, and warehouse even dedicated poems. On the first floor of a warehouse stored iron, nails, a wire and there were huge slaughters on 50 hooks. Here slaughtered cattle, dried and salted meat, which was then fed crews at sea. Above there were warehouses for spices, coffee, warehouses and workshops of ship's gear and sails. Before the warehouse was arranged naval depots and the shipyard on three building berths, where the shipwright family Paul and built by the famous Dutch sailboats. Behind a warehouse there were carpentry workshops, sawmills, dryers for the wood. Forest, brought from Germany, Scandinavia and Russia, have long been prepared to the case. First six months the logs are soaked in water, in December, the winch pulled them ashore, then special cranes were loaded into the drying-room, where she dried them upright, on its technology. At a safe distance from the shipyard were located molocure where the tarred ropes and prepared for the resin.
With Peter at the shipyard has 10 volunteers — Golovin, Ivan M. and Ivan Alekseevich, Menshikova Gabriel and Alexander, Fedor Pleshcheev, Peter Gutman, Ivan Kropotkin, Gabriel Kobylin, Theodosius Sklyaev and Lukyan Vereshchagin.
The first three weeks were spent in preparation of materials, and on September 9, in a solemn atmosphere, Peter laid the frigate in the name of the Holy apostles Peter and Paul. In nine weeks the frigate had been rebuilt. "And November 16 — written in the "field journal"— got off that ship, launched at the time were ambassadors, as the ship was down".
Certificate Of Peter I
Having passed all the practical course of building a frigate with an axe in his hand at the East India shipyard, Peter, who learned skills in carpentry art and passed a sort of exam to Baath Paul, became a good ship's carpenter. Thus it is also characterized by the certificate which is personally made by his ship teacher:
"I, the undersigned, Gerrit Klaas Paul shipwright at the Amsterdam chamber of the privileged East India company, indicate that Peter Mikhailov, who is in the retinue of the great Moscow Embassy, including those here in Amsterdam on the East India shipyard on August 30, 1697, for the reasons mentioned below, the number of lived under the guidance of our carpenter, during the whole time of the noble here your stay was a diligent and a smart carpenter, also in the bondage, the lot, building, lifting, fitting, draping, weaving, caulking, strugania, uravnenii, raspolojenie, paving and smoleni acted as a good and skilful carpenter was required and helped us in the building of the frigate "Peter and Paul" from the first tab it almost to the end, with a length of 100 feet (from the bow to starboard); in addition, under my supervision naval architecture and drawing plans for his honour to have studied so thoroughly that maybe how we ourselves mean, and another to practice. For a true identification, I have signed this with my own hand.
Given in Amsterdam, in our permanent stay at the East India shipyard, January 15 in the summer of the Lord 1698.
Gerrit CLAAS Paul, shipmaster of a privileged East India company in Amsterdam."
But Peter wanted to become not only a ship's carpenter, but also a ship's engineer. The nearest teacher Peter Baas, Gerrit Paul was not able to fully give him a satisfying answer. Found them, Peter and the masters of the Admiralty of Hendrik Jacobson of Cardinale and Jacob van Tellison Retina.
At that time in Holland the art of shipbuilding passed from generation to generation according to family traditions. Dutch shipbuilders were masters of more practitioners than theorists of the ship business. Much was done by intuition, by eye. But of the 20,000 ships plowing at that time the seas and oceans of the planet, 16,000 were built in Holland — of the five ships in the oceans of the four Dutch!


"Goto predestination" - a symbol of the Russian nation
The king invites to Russia nine Dutch, Swedish, Danish, and German seamen, from Admiral to ship's cook. And 640 people — artists, artisans, craftsmen, but most were hired skilled ship carpenters, including invited was a ship's master, Gerbrand Jansen, Niklas Vilim, Jan Rance with the East India yard — Click Gerens (* Choose Gerens traveled to Voronezh, and then in Olonetsk shipyard on the river Svir. Choose later, and then he and his son Peter worked in St. Petersburg and Arkhangelsk).
Before leaving the Embassy in Russia were distributed awards: entered into the Russian service of Vice Admiral Cornelia Kruis-a couple of sable in 30 and a couple of 25 rubles, his wife and daughter "for his service" for a couple of 8 rubles, Nicholas Witzen — 3 pairs of 40 rubles. Not forgotten was the teacher-Baath Gerrit Paul: "... by decree of the Great Sovereign given bass, which was in the East India courtyard, 21 Chervona. Alexander Menshikov accepted them." In the fields "expense book," against this entry note "that worked together".
Leaving Amsterdam, Peter asked N. Witzen identify Baas Paul in some quiet and profitable position under The Amsterdam Admiralty. The Royal wish was fulfilled. Gerrit Paul thanked Peter for his return to Moscow the following letter from 20.02.1700 year: "Your Majesty probably forgot that I had the honor, as nobody here lived, to work in partnership with such a Great Monarch in the East India yard... Gracious word You spoke for me to the mayor Nikolay WITZ, produced its effect: I granted him the title of servant ship carpenter's shop. From the East Indies court came down and was very pleased with his fate. My position is: twice a day walking the city and to oversee how dumb and caulk ships. The annual salary no; get, that will have. I am very grateful to you, and here I have learned that your Majesty is continuing the cunning of the ship business, That you have already prepared a merry caravan and that one of your ships went even to Constantinople, to which the Turks were quite surprised... I Wish you all the best, good health, successful shipbuilding, peaceful death, the Kingdom of heaven. If you write, address: Gerrit Field Guild servant of the ship carpenters in Amsterdam".
Peter gentle's letter thanked the Baas of Klaas Gerrit Field for the good memory and sent him a painting of a 58-gun ship "goto Predestination" ("God's Providence"), which was entirely designed and built under the watchful vigil "Dutch carpenter Peter Mikhailov". English captain John Perry noticed that the keel of "goto Predestination" was invented by Peter himself (as they say, know-how) in the event of damage to the keel of the ship threatened to flow. Such keels were then used on English ships. On this occasion, Peter I made his own entry in the magazine: "November 19 day. To the memory of St. Martyr laid his ship, called "God's foreknowledge". Keel laid, 130 feet long, 33 feet wide."

The idea of building "Predestination" arose from Peter on his return from Europe. Russia needed a powerful ship capable of fighting the Turks on the Black sea. For the construction of "goto Predestination" was caused by the disciples of Baas Gerrit Fields from Venice Theodosius Moiseevich Sklyaev and Lucian A. Vereshchagin. All drawing work on this ship was done by Peter himself. Sleeve was tasked to monitor the work of local artists. Vereshchagin was responsible for the finish of the ship – "good equipment and proper to his Majesty virtuoso." The construction of "Predestination" was carried out from well dried select woods, so the ship has turned solid and durable: he served in the Azov fleet for over ten years and after that for many years was in excellent condition. Launched "sovereign ship" was on 28 APR 1700 in the presence of Tsarevich Alexei Petrovich, the tsarevna Natalia Alexeyevna, the boyars and their wives, foreign ambassadors and other representatives of the diplomatic corps, government officials of different ranks, specially invited on this occasion. Peter the great blow of the axe severed suderinti under "the goto Predestination". Under the battle of drums and cannon firing new vessel smoothly descended from the slipway to the water. The name " goto Predestination "in Russian meant" God's this is foresight", but on the stern it was written in Dutch so that the meaning of the name was more understandable to European ambassadors and specialists. For reasons of national prestige the construction was carried out without the help of foreign masters. Dutch diplomat van der Gulst told his king William of Orange in the Hague: "Being in Voronezh... we saw the descent of a very beautiful ship built by the king himself with the help of Russian workers. No foreign master made a hand in this matter." Peter himself spoke about the quality of his offspring: "the Ship is" God's Providence " named, what is the proportion, strength and convenience to us to write and reason is not possible, after all our size and labor, and that for believe in reasoning." "Predestination" had excellent stability, well rose on the wave. The length of the ship is 36 meters, width-9.5 m, depth of hold-2.9 m. the Crew was 253 people. On the lower deck was located 26 shestnadcatiletnih guns on the top — eight 24 pounders on the quarterdeck and 8 a three-pound guns. All guns were cast in Russia at the plants Demidov. "Predestination" was part of the Azov flotilla until 1711goda and was the fastest in the squadron Cornelis Kruis. For 11 years, "sovereign ship" shackled Turkey's hostile actions against Russia and was a symbol of rising from the knees of the Russian nation. The enemy chose not to engage in battle with this Russian battleship. In many respects it is the presence of "goto Predestination" in the Black sea has kept Turkey from being hit in the back of Russia. The king failed to negotiate with the Netherlands and England for a military Alliance against Turkey. Therefore, he made peace with Turkey and began a war with Sweden in Alliance with Poland and Denmark. The decision to transfer "goto Predestination" to the Baltic sea for the siege of Stralsund and raising the morale of Russian soldiers is ripe. In July 1711, Peter I ordered his Governor of Azov, F. M. Apraksin translated "Predestination" through the Dardanelles into the Mediterranean sea and then in Kronstadt. Equipped for swimming around Europe, "goto Predestination" received Apraksin's instruction:"to Hurry, but not to avoid the enemy, to act in a military manner with pirates of the Mediterranean sea, so as not to drop the honor of the flag." The Turks prevented the passage of the battleship through the Bosphorus, and Peter did not risk to ignite a new conflict in the South during the war in the North-West and therefore ordered to sell "goto Predestination" and part of the ships of the Azov military fleet of Turkey, to this fat piece to temper her appetite.
"Welcome, Peter Baas!»
On his return to Russia Peter had implemented what they learned in the Netherlands: have found the desired oak forest in the upper reaches of the Oka and the Volga; was an orderly system of waterways to the headwaters of the Volga, it was possible to fuse the forest to the lake, and from there along the Volkhov, lake Ladoga and the Neva river in St. Petersburg. Peter exercised his right the ship's master and issued diplomas to the best students and workers on the Russian shipyards, where he wrote: "Hereby granted the title of master of the famous art of shipbuilding, which is listed first among the mechanical arts because the owner of the certificate can use not only a compass, to draw plans of various ships, and following the General rules not only of all the sea to build ships, but if you want their size to increase or decrease".
In the basins of the rivers flowing into the White sea, there was also a lot of forest, suitable for the construction of large ships. Arkhangelsk is far from neighboring States, and the White sea is completely the inner Russian sea. Construction of warships in Arkhangelsk was also important because the ships built here were sent in the future to the Baltic sea. Difficult for sailing ships, the transition from the White sea around Scandinavia to the Baltic sea served as an excellent school for sailors of the young Russian Navy.
Peter brought from Europe not only labor calluses, knowledge and impressions, but also the idea: to make Russia as strong as the great powers of Europe, it is necessary to adopt from the West everything you need.
...Gerrit Klaas Paul responded to the letter of Peter 19 may 1704: "... April 22 a day from Your Majesty through a Moscow factor of Cincius handed me a sea map of the Black sea with the figure of a single ship, which is declared in three parts — United declares from the other to see the back, and the third front, which Your Majesty himself sakladim and the Builder was... for sending the image of the ship and thank you. The ship is exceedingly fair proportion of the English sample with round spielen". Baas Paul again reminded how they like two contratherm in 1697 in Amsterdam at the shipyard of the East India company built the ship "Peter and Paul" and he added: "This vehicle already went once to the East Indies, and returned safely, stand near the shipyard and equips to a new voyage to kreisiraadio".

The years 1716-1717, Peter I spent abroad. In Saardam, Peter went to the house of Gerrit Smith of the Cyst, where once lived 8 days. But the old man, having fallen into poverty, worked in someone else's forge. Peter found this blacksmith and told me to call the Cyst. The obstinate Dutchman exclaimed with disappointment: "what to me to the Tsar, I do not want to see him, he still owes me for the apartment!"Peter was told that the old blacksmith, he quickly entered the smithy, hugged the angry old man and asked about his position, generously paid him the old debt, gave more money for the correction of Affairs and in memory gave the silver Cup.
He visited Peter and the shipyard of the East India company, where he once lived and worked. Eva Snellings, wife of Gerrit Baas Fields (deceased and buried 02.06.1710 year at Oosterkerk — Eastern Church chapel), said to him: "Welcome Peter Baas!"The king asked her,' how do you know me?"What eve said,' Yes, 19 years ago, you were so often in our house and ate at our table. I am the wife of master Paul." Peter recognized her, hugged her with both hands and asked for dinner, where he remembered his teacher with greater warmth and talked for a long time with herrit's son Jan (Jan Garrit Pool), whom he knew as a 15-year-old teenager and who, following the traditions of the family of Fields, worked as a shipmaster. The document of the East India company indicates that Jan Paul 11.08.1710 took the place of his father as a master and Manager. By the time he learned to build and windmills, complex structures of the time. From the normal operation of the wind turbines, then, depended the life and well-being of the Dutch people. It is known that king in first visit to Holland extremely interested in these buildings. The first time he saw such a great variety of mills, Peter joked: "That would be something for don Kichatov was here for work." He invited Jan Paul to work in St. Petersburg. The invitation was accepted, but immediately moved to Russia the master failed. 1.11.1720 years of the East India company increases his salary, and 1.7.1723 year shall notify that Ian Paul dismissed. From this moment begins the history of Russian descendants of the Dutch master…
In a letter from Amsterdam to Admiral Ivan Golovin, the main shipbuilder of Saint Petersburg Admiralty, which "together with the axe knocking" on the East India shipyard under the supervision of Gerrit Baas Fields, Peter wrote: "the Place of work, where the source of the Russian Navy happened, was honored to see packie and drinking about Your health in the place: yet bring that to Your mates, in addition to bass and children of the commander no one... Everyone was asking about You at first, and then on protchaya and exceedingly surprised so quick with Your concept and work things; herewith send Your Excellency a tobacco that I bought…»
"De grootvorst" Mill name of Peter I
Jan Gerrit Paul (born in 1682), in 1697, working on the East India Wharf and learning from his father the art of shipbuilding together with "Peter Timmerman Sandanski" and the ten volunteers, were trained by them and the Russian language. So on arrival in St. Petersburg it was easy for him to get used to the new situation, here Jan met old friends-volunteers, who by that time had become noble masters of shipbuilding: Feodosiya Sklyaev, Lukyan Vereshchagin, Gavrila Menshikov and his influential brother Alexander. Many in Russia and compatriots Ian Field worked in the shipyards: J. Cole, R. Bento, K. van Bokoven, I., Willemsen, J. Jansen, J. Brant, W. Woutersen van kolck etc. In the Russian Navy was the Dutch Vice-Admiral Cruys, K. I., shautbenaht (rear Admiral) I. F. Bolcom, J. van RES and many other sailors. In the Admiralty, St. Petersburg has worked more than one hundred shipbuilders and carpenters from Holland, near the Admiralty, and they are settled compactly on the basis of community and occupation. The first Lutheran Church stood in the yard of the house of Admiral kruys and all Lutherans of "German settlement" of St. Petersburg went to it.
Ian Paul did, of course, questions of shipbuilding, but the king has determined it in the first place construction in the Russian windmills more perfect, Dutch type tent. Windmills were necessary in the intensive construction of ships, factories and plants for the maintenance of their construction, for the drive of various machines and mechanisms. Before the discovery of the steam engine remained for half a century, and the gratuitous use of wind energy was a vital necessity. In the Netherlands for a long time and serious attention to this issue. K. Marx wrote in 1836: "there were about 12,000 windmills in the Netherlands that protected 2/3 of the country from being turned back into a swamp."

These mills were used not only for water supply and dehumidifying of the earth in lowlands, and also operated cars and different machines on sawmills, oil mills, in paper, sailing and hemp production; crushed grain, paints, mustard; rubbed snuff tobacco and spices. Interestingly, in the Netherlands windmills had names such as: "Iron boar", "Blind donkey", "Cat", "Old hare", "Falcon", "Zabuldyga", etc.
The mill at Saardam in which Peter took some part, the Dutch called then "de Grootvorst" — "the Great Prince.". Peter Holland nearly scalecia, trying to stop the mill for the wings of the mill and silk factory, clinging to the main wheel was almost lifted into the air, one of the secondary wheels, and only the skill of the Miller, roughly jerked down royals, saved his life.
... Construction of St. Petersburg required a huge amount of materials, especially wood — for houses, bridges, quays, joinery. Sawing wood at the saw mills on the Dutch type save raw materials and requiring less costly, give a cheaper lumber. But the maintenance of saw mills required specialists. Therefore, having mastered the design and construction of eight types of tent mills in the Netherlands from the simplest tjas-ker to the eight-drained bovenkruier, Jan Pol at the insistence of the Tsar was mainly engaged in this in Russia.
In the "Description" of St. Petersburg (1710-1711)" States: "construction on the Vasilyevsky island, against the fortress, over several small houses — three beautiful newly-built Dutch windmills mainly for sawing of logs and planks". The territory of Vasilyevsky island was elevated, so from 1700 until the beginning of our century the island was densely scattered windmills, sawmills, rotating in the Neva wind wings of white canvas beautiful silhouettes decorating its landscape, becoming a noticeable and outlandish feature of St. Petersburg. Later these mills, belonging to the Admiralty, was moved to the Sink. Next to the Admiralty mills there were others. Some belonged to the Treasury, part of Prince Menshikov.
Whole families saw mills were standing in various areas of St. Petersburg, at Okhta, on the banks of the Izhora and the Big Neva, the spit of Vasilievsky island, at the mouth of the Sink; even the Trubetskoy Bolverk of the fortress stood a flour mill. This fortress was like Amsterdam, on the bastions which at that time also stood the mill. From 1720s, the Dutch began to build windmills "on the beach", mainly from the Admiralty side, where there was a strong wind. The saw mill at the large manufactories and metallurgical works have become quite common. Windmills built by the Dutch, grind the flour, "Ter cement", at the gunpowder mills on the island Policeman on "Dutch gunpowder stones twisted" Russian gunpowder. In 1721, a special mill was built in Peterhof, "which will saw and Polish the marble and any meaty stone, except for the wild and strong stone." Ekaterinhof and other places, the Dutch built a water mill for drying of the soil.
... By the end of the reign of Peter I in Russia was built about two hundred factories, factories and manufactories. And until 1917 in Russia about two hundred thousand wind turbines processed 2 billion poods of grain from 4,3 billion. The engravings of A. F. Zubova Petersburg 1717 everywhere one could see the typical Dutch steeples — spires (they were then at least 50) on which the jacks and waving flags as can now be seen in Holland. Most drawbridges have been made with the Dutch, resembling a bent storks, counterweights, painted white (as they do in the Netherlands so far), which lasted until the early nineteenth century. The memory of "Dutch childhood" of St. Petersburg serve as the Golden spires of the Peter and Paul fortress weathervane-Angel and the Admiralty with the Ship, George the victorious at the Summer Palace of Peter, the globe on the Cabinet of curiosities and the ringing chimes of the Dutch churches, the Admiralty and the Peter and Paul Cathedral bell tower. Peter said: "Give me health, God and St. Petersburg will be a second Amsterdam." And he's done a lot for it. Almost everything connected with the sea came to St. Petersburg from Holland. The emblem of St. Petersburg became a ship; the tower, crowned with a gilt ship, and adorns the Royal Palace in Amsterdam.
... For the rest of his life, Dutch master Jan Gerrit Paul lived in Russia and witnessed great historical events. He died in 1762, and was buried in St. Petersburg; his tomb is unknown.


The way to the throne washed in the blood of the
The ancestor of the straight male branch of the descendants of Gerrit Klaas Paul in Russia was his grandson Jacob (Jakobs Pool), born in 1712 in Amsterdam — the youngest son of Jan Paul. (From the memoirs of grandson Ian Field, Peter Y. Field: "... especially the grandfather, Yang loved her son Jacob. In winter, while riding, he put Jacob between his legs in a sleigh. After walks they both with appetite ate cooked mother erwtensoep " - (*pea soup with smoked bacon). Education and good education Jacob received in the Netherlands in Leiden, knew Dutch, German, French and Russian. This allowed him to make a good career, initially as a merchant in Arkhangelsk, where he headed the Arkhangelsk branch of the Amsterdam firm van Brinen and earned a significant fortune. Then Jacob continued his work in St. Petersburg, where he gained a special favor from the Royal family, was close to the court Of Grand Duke Peter III and became his adviser.
In August 1745 Empress Elizabeth married Grand Duke Sophia Frederick Augustus, daughter of Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst, who was in the military service of the Prussian king, to the German Princess Sophia. Converted to Orthodoxy, Princess of Anhalt-Zerbst became known as Grand Duchess Ekaterina Alekseyevna.
On 25 December 1761, the Empress Elizabeth fell asleep in the Lord. On the throne, Peter Fedorovich — Emperor Peter III and Jacob Paul, as a Trustee was to represent the interests of the Emperor in Holstein. In 1762 Peter ordered Jacob to the Field to close his business, to proceed to administer the estate in the Duchy of Holstine and construction of the North-East of the channel than he did.
July 6, 1762 the brother of Empress ' lover Alexei Orlov and his drinking companion Prince Fyodor Baryatinsky strangled Peter in Ropsha. The way Catherine to the Russian throne had been washed in the blood. Officially it was announced that the Emperor "died from inflammation of the bowels and apoplexy". Sophia-Katherine wept, after learning about her husband's murder. However, the culprit of the death of the monarch G. Orlov not only was not punished, but for a long time was listed in the favorites. Catherine anyone not executed, sent into exile, no one took names.
But Jacob Paul with the whole family goes to Hamburg. He was married three times. For the first time on Anna Meyer (APPA Meyer) from the Archangel family of Meyer from which he had two sons about whom we have, unfortunately, no data. The second marriage of Jacob Paul with Magdalena van Brinen (Magdalena van Brienen), added to his family five more children. Magdalena died in Hamburg 8.10.1763 years and was buried in the Cathedral of St Lautebush. Petri. In 1766 Jacob bought several estates in Mecklenburg, including "Klutzer Winkel" (between Lubeck and Wismar bays) and lived there in the summer. For the winter the family went to Hamburg, where they had a big house in Wandrahm. In 1767 Jacob marries Judith Schreur van Hohenstein (Judit Schreur van Hoghenstein), the widow of the Prussian court Charles Sarry, for the third time, but in two years he will be widowed again. In the city of Jacob Paul rides four horses, as used to in Russia, that the hamburgers is surprising and curious. From the moment of departure from Russia he lives as a free person without certain occupations and on September 25, 1775 for 63 finishes the life. And the North-Eastern canal would be built more than 100 years after the death of Jacob Fields Kaiser Wilhelm II.

Godson Of The Grand Duke
From materials of Dr. Eric Amburger, Heinrich Meyer von Altz and Sven-Rick Fisher it is known that all children Jacob p. Fields, except younger David, were born in Arkhangelsk and St. Petersburg. Paul Arnold (Arnold Poel) was a Mecklenburg court and counsel. He died in lübeck, where he lived following the age of his brother, a merchant, Ian Paul (Jan Poel). The other brother — Paul Rutger (Rutger Poel), named after the grandfather on the line van Bananov a student at göttingen University, was killed in a duel about 19 years old. The Daughter Of Jacob, Magdalena, Paul (Magdalena Poel.1757-1825), married Lubeck merchant and Swedish Consul Adrian Wilhelm Pauli, giving another branch of the tree of Fields. Descendants of the family Pauley in the early twentieth century flourished in the Reich.
The fifth son of Jacob Paul, Peter (Pieter J. Poel), was born in 1760 In St. Petersburg, and the Grand Duke Peter III became his godfather at the universities of Bordeaux, Geneva and göttingen Peter Paul studies history and national economy. Returns to Russia and gets a place in the College of foreign Affairs, where 5 years working as a Secretary and translator in the rank of captain. In 1785, Peter Paul went to Stockholm to look for a more prestigious job. Despite the patronage of king Gustav, when hired for service, he suffers a fiasco on the grounds of religion. The Calvinist Peter Field the Swedish Lutherans did not accept in their society (*from the correspondence graph and the graph of Troitza Oxenstierna). After this failure, Peter returned to Hamburg and lives at his estate "Zierow", which has always been a meeting place for friends. Among them, we see Baron Kaspar Vogt (Kaspar Vogt) and Hamburg Professor Johann Georg Busch (Johann Georg Busch), whose daughter Frederica Busch (Friederike Busch) Peter and married in 1787. With friends he takes a trip to Paris, London and other European cities. (*In honor of his friend Johann Büsch, the street in Hamburg between the Goose market and the Colonnade is Called büsch street). Peter Paul was an adviser to his cousin Peyron, Swedish resident Minister in the lower Saxon district and at the time of Napoleon was sent by oberpresident count Blucher to negotiate with the Swedish crown Prince and founder of the present Royal court, Napoleon's Marshal Bernadotte. The last years of his life, Peter J. Paul has devoted to the writing of memories of his past life and the lives of their parents. (His son Ernst published these memoirs 50 years late). Peter Paul survived his loved ones. In 1821 he dies his wife frédérique, and in 1825 – beloved sister Magdalena Pauley. Died Peter J. Paul 30.10.1837 year at the age of 77 years. In 1929, in his honor, the road to Hamburg — Hamm was named "the Road of the Field".
Children of Peter and Frederica, three dying in childhood. Son of William (Wilhelm Poel) was a successful banker in Amsterdam. Lawyer Ernst (Ernst Poel. 1796-1867) during his studies he took part in the famous Wartburg festival. Then he became a follower of his father in the publishing house "Alton mercury".
Peter Edward Paul (Pieter Eduard Poel. 1798-1850) was a co-owner of the company of the court banker, Baron Bernhardt Stieglitz "Stieglitz and Co." and directed its branch in Odessa, marrying the daughter of Baron Anna Stieglitz. His descendants were later called von Paul, although the origin of the title is unclear.
Gustav Paul (Paul Gustav Poel .1804-1895) received his legal education in 1852-68, he has been the mayor of the city Itzehoe (Jtzehoe). 09.07.1868 year he became the first honorary citizen Itzehoe.
Paul Theodore (Theodor Paul Poel) studied at the law faculty, together with Heinrich Heine, was friends with the poet and 19.09.1824 years, traveling to Germany with him visited the Brocken mountain near Magdeburg, widely known under the name "Bald mountain, where, according to legend, on the night of may the witches come and celebrate your "coven". And now thousands of fans of magic and witchcraft on 30 April every year come to this mountain to celebrate Walpurgis night.
Emma's younger sister Sofia Cecilia Wilhelmina Paul (Emma Poel) founded the Alton children's hospital, and in 1835 the women's hospital for poor people.
In the family in the next generations there were many interesting personalities, some became lawyers and officers. During the two world wars, the family missed many. But today this name is flourishing in Northern Germany.
Part two. Children of the master in Russia
The founder of our Russian line of the descendants of Gerrit-Klaas Fields was his granddaughter of Wendelin Paul (Wendelina Poel, second daughter of Jan Fields), in marriage Zollikofer (Zolikofer) when she married a Dutch merchant, Johann Kaspar Zollikofer who came to Russia in the first half of the eighteenth century (already in 1722 the name occurs in Dutch people shopping in St. Petersburg).
Daughter Wendelin and Johann Zllikofer, too, of Wendelin, married hofmekler of the port of Archangel, of the merchant Johann Fürst (Johan Furst.1728-1806), went with her husband to Arkhangelsk and lived there in 1804. Their two daughters, Dorothea and Anna-Katerina married: Dorothea of Abraham van Brinen, and Anna-Katerina for the pastor of the Church Arkhangelsk Dutchman Albertus of Hoolboom, given two branches of the tree Fields: van Benanav and our Petsev when the granddaughter of Hoolboom Ernestine married Andreas Pets.

From one bakery
The Father, Andreas, August Avgustovich Paehtz (August Paetz. 1746-1819) was born in the town of Weissenfels, formerly owned by the Thuringian counts, and since 1657 became the residence of the Dukes of Saxe — Weissenfels, the side line of the house Saxon electors. Duke Johann Georg Weissenfels is known for the fact that on July 11, 1698 at the masquerade costume festival "Wirt schaft", arranged by Leopold I in Vienna in honor of Peter I, in the company of Duke Eugene savoysky and other celebrities honored the Russian Tsar. And all were dressed in costumes of different peoples of the world. Duke Weissenfels was dressed up as an Indian, and Peter I was dressed up as a frisland peasant. Peter was going from Vienna to go to Venice to study the galley shipbuilding, but from Russia came a message about a riot of archers, and he was forced to return home.
... The city of Mannheim emerged as a trading post below the knight's castle with the poetic name of Weissenfels — White rock and got it's name. The status of the city of Weissenfels has since 1185. Early Baroque three-winged castle, castle Museum, rich paintings in the castle chapel, late Gothic. City Church of St. Mary 15veka, Baroque town hall in 1670 and 1718. Weissenfels is known as an old Shoe-making centre. There is also a Museum dedicated to Shoe business in the city. It presents a rich collection of shoes of all times and peoples, as well as the equipment, which worked as a Shoe Smith. The city is located on the river Saale, flowing into the Elbe, and is part of the German "Saxony — Angalt land."


Rich cultural and historical traditions of this "land". Johann Sebastian Bach created his Brandenburg concerts in the Kitten. In Weissenfels lived, worked as an engineer at the salt mines and buried the famous German poet NOVALIS. Martin Luther (Wittenberg, Eisleben) was born and preached Protestantism in these places. And Georg Friedrich Handel and Georg Philip Telemann, two of the most famous composers of the Baroque era, were born in Galle and Magdeburg. Names Otto von Bismarck, Friedrich Nietzsche, Thomas Münzer, Lucas Cranach and Vasily Kandinsky, one way or another, are associated with the "land of Saxony-Anhalt." And the German Princess Sophia-Frederica-Augusta — is the Russian Empress Catherine II from the kind of Anhalt-Zerbst on the Elbe. Mount Brocken-a symbol of German (according to geine) and, at the same time, an ancient gathering place witches in Europe, recently discovered bronze "heavenly disk" of the Seal — the oldest calendar, high school construction and art design "Bauhaus" in Dessau and other attractions of the land attract Saxony-Angalt attention around the world.
...During the Thirty years war the city was badly damaged, the population decreased from 2200 to 960 people. Since 1764, coal mining has contributed to the industrialization and growth of the city's industry. Weissenfels has experienced an economic boom, developing handicraft production, especially sewing and shoemaking. From mid-1930-ies in Weissenfels was hosted major chemical plants Leuna and Buna.
After world war II, many Shoe companies were nationalized, a new Shoe factory with large production facilities, and scientific organizations emerged. By the end of the eighties, the plant produced 75% of the GDR shoes, which employed more than 6,000 workers. Until 1991, production flourished, but Germany's reincarnation erupted, privatization of enterprises led to the collapse of the industry and the plant that closed. The part of the building was destroyed, and the other is leased. (Well, just like in Russia today!)
... It is known that the mass and organized resettlement of Germans in Russia began with the blessing of Peter I. in 1702 in Germany, his Manifesto was published, inviting to Russia entrepreneurs and artisans on favorable terms and the exact execution of these promises by the Russian government. The most rapid development of trade, as well as the timber industry in Arkhangelsk, marked the "Golden age" Catherine II. On 4 December 1762 and 22 July 1763 was published the Manifest of the Empress, which said that immigrants from the West “may be purchased from my art, remodelista, crafts, and various unknown in Russia machines to access the subjects of the easiest and shortest means to the handling of the lands, to the spread of a house of cattle, the establishment of their own factories, to control all peasant Economics”. From Europe recruited everyone is free to live in the "most advantageous to the settlement and habitation of the human race the most useful parts of the Empire, until the remaining idle".
... August A. Paehtz arrived in Arkhangelsk on one of Hanseatic ships in 1774, during the reign of his compatriot Catherine II. In "Policeman of the narrow-minded book of Arkhangelsk in 1786 — 1788.", which gives the most valuable information on the activities of the urban population of Arkhangelsk and its social structure is written: "...August Avgustovich PEC, 40 years, a native of upper Saxon district of Weißenfels; has bought a house 2-3-41; has a craft – biscuits breads in the French manner; the capital is not declared…»
I always wanted to know what kind of city is this — Weißenfels live there, even our distant relatives. On the Internet websites I saw a wonderful town, beautiful faces of the inhabitants, learned its rich history. By chance, just on another website caught my eye: "...WAGNER, RICHARD (1813-1883), famous German composer, born may 22, 1813 in Leipzig, in the family of official Carl Friedrich Wagner and Johanna Rosina Wagner (nee PEC), a Miller's daughter of the Weissenfels".
Very much greater degree of likelihood, it occurs to me: the same city, the same surname and almost the same profession. On the website www. jursitzky.net published three more ancestor of the composer's mother, who lived in Weissenfels since the beginning of the 18th century, and the profession of his grandfather is not Miller (Muller), and Weißbäckermeister — Baker, as my great-grandfather August A. Petz, in 1774 left Weissenfels in Russia. Three matches is too much for just a coincidence! Of course, we still have much to clarify, but I was very impressed by this. Fly Charter flights from one hemisphere to another in planes Packed to capacity, wealthy people and aristocrats from all over Europe, even from Japan to perform any Opera Wagner. Weissenfels ' websites talk a lot about the cultural heritage of The city, its writers, poets, artists and composers.
Not a word is said not only of Wilhelm Richard Wagner, but his mother and his ancestors born in Weißenfels. Warum? – How? After all, not only the Nazi authorities encouraged the performance of Wagner's works, as Hitler was a fanatical supporter of his work, but today, thanks to V. Gergiev, even in Russia revived powerful Wagner. (“Gergiev breaks a storm of applause with his orchestra...” (V. Putin). Although the works of the great composer are forbidden to be performed in Israel, no artist kept the public in such a state of incessant excitement as Richard Wagner. Decades after his death, the debate about him continued unabated. Books written by Wagner's opponents and his defenders made up a whole library. And only the city of Weissenfels does not know the genius of the German people – Richard Wagner.



Archangels
Rasseyannyi around the world today live offspring "from England and sveyskoy Germans" — archangelica (Archangeliten), mainly consisting of people of German, English, Dutch or Norwegian origin, who lived in the Arkhangelsk (Archangel). During the Viking age this area was known as Bjarmia. In XII century it became a part of Novgorod Russia under the name of Zavolochye; Novgorod ushkuyniki floating on the yard, a Mezen and a Pechora, got here in XI century. The young capital of the North was first named New Kholmogorsky town, and then Arkhangelsk city, the inhabitants thereof became Archangelsk. Subsequently, the city was renamed Arkhangelsk, but the residents still called themselves the old — Archangel. Foreigners called this city Archangel, and themselves archangels. Their history is full of drama. With German punctuality described achievements and achievements of the archangels and how they lived these years in Russia.
Life in the North is unattractive and enterprising people settled here. Their religion mostly was Protestantism; the Protestant ethic according to the main symptoms of election to salvation are the power of faith, labour productivity and business success. German settlement was an energetic island in the stagnant waters of the Russian North. Archangelica built here the spinning and the cable enterprise, erected forges, mills, and established "the kitchens for the heating of the fat of marine animals and leather drying", were bargaining in companies with their own members. So, Mensendiek traded together with the Englishman Arthur Cayley and Edward Legendcom, our great-grandfather, William the leper, Blumenroder (*Arkhangelsk merchant of the 1st Guild, from the Saxon town of Ilmenau) with the Danish merchants A. Becker and Carl Loftus. In the second half of the XVIII century, the city was settled by the founders of dynasties, who left a noticeable trace in the life of Arkhangelsk. Among them, the natives of Hamburg, pastor of the Lutheran parish of Johann Heinrich Lindes and one our great-grandfather — "the Golden arts master" Johann A., Roters, tailor Carl Lors from Hanover, the Saxon Baker August Avgustovich PEC, Johann des Fontaines from Amsterdam and other. At the end of the XVIII century in Arkhangelsk lived 383 natives of Western European countries.
In the 70-ies of the 19th century in a town on the Northern Dvina profit Norwegians Martin Olsen and his friend Carl Stump, Swiss Jacob Lazinger, Prussian citizen A. Y. Surkov, Franz Amburger, Abram Russata, Solomon Penbryn and others.
From simple merchants, they were timber merchants became successful traders and the first men of the city whose names were well-known not only among the inhabitants of the province but of the whole Russia. By 1859 of the 9 merchants of the 1st Guild were five of archangelica: E. Brandt, E. E., F. E. and A. F. Lindesy and E. e Fontanes. The most profitable at that time in the North were shipbuilding, rope production, sugar production (for a short time). In 1880-e years A. Y. Surkov, founded the first brewery, and in 1881 along with Shergold built distilleries and saw mills
In the early 20th century near Arkhangelsk were plants Stuart, Brandt, Classen, Kegostrov — the trading house "Golvin and Guest". The processed wood-sawn into standard boards and bars-was very much appreciated in the West. Operation North woods was engaged in the firm "Bratya PEC", Smolny exports of goods — "Partnership of the Northern zolotarjova", headed by A. Ya. Belyaevskaya, E. F. Lindes. On the eve of the war, in 1913, a forestry firm in Arkhangelsk established a Norwegian citizen F. Prutz. Your funds invested here are well-known in Norway face: the famous polar Explorer, Nobel laureate Fridtjof Nansen, the Baldur, the Swede Olaf O. Vager, K. Brock, A. Hendrichsen, T. Mowinkel and others. A sawmill was also engaged in the Dutch Hoevelaken and des Fontaines and many others.



The energy these people had created a sawmill in Arkhangelsk, Onega and Pechora. Only large capital made it possible to build a large sawmill, expand the harvesting of wood, towing it to the sawmills. And after the advent of the railway greatly expanded the possibilities of realization of production of mills: she could have sent in the Central province. Swedish sawmill company Alfred Lideka operated since 1901 and was located opposite the small village of Ekushe on the Pechora river. Typically, the plant employed 200-350 people, and in the summer of 450 or more. At a distance of two miles from it was the construction of the plant "Stella Polare" partnership Arkhangelsk trading house "Olsen, Stamp and K", founded in 1903 with the participation of Aleneva, A. Scholz, Rudolf K. PEC and other entrepreneurs.
They are not scared of difficulties: severe climatic conditions, remoteness from Arkhangelsk, lack of experienced manpower, lack of knowledge of the marine fairway in the estuary of Pechora and pass through it. Having founded a plant here for only 3 frames, Martin ulsen, with the consent of the Board, soon bought the plant of the Swedish company Alfred Lidbeck for 10 frames. The Association already had its own fleet of 8 steamers, 7 (!) of which were rifle.
The Stella Polare plant at that time became the largest and advanced enterprise of the industry of the Arkhangelsk province. On average, 500 people were employed there. Every year 250,000 logs were sawn. Almost all of the Pechora wood was exported.
On February 4, 1904 the property of Stella Polare plant consisted of the wooden, two-storeyed on the stone base of the building of sawmill plant, machine office, steam room, locks, foundry, two buildings for office and accommodation of employees, the house for skilled workers, the building for hospital and the apartment of the paramedic, three barracks in which lived 185 people, bakeries, shops with storerooms, stables, baths, steam cars, three saws "Bolinder".
By the beginning of XX century descendants of "Germans" entered almost all spheres of social and economic life of Arkhangelsk. In 1909 in Arkhangelsk was opened a branch of the St. Petersburg international commercial Bank, whose Director was F. F. Landman. Members of the accounting Committee of the Bank was also Lurs A. A., and R. K. PEC. The Bank played a significant role in foreign trade.
Hereditary honorary citizen Adolf Scholz was a member of the provincial Committee for presence and led the Arkhangelsk Committee of trade and manufactures; Edward des Fontaines performed the duties of a civil assessor in the order of public charity. In the work of the last city Duma of the total of 21 Vowels 9 were descendants of foreign entrepreneurs. Among them: Rudolph and Edmund Patsy, George Lindes, Emil Brautigam, William Lovelace, James Leitzinger, Yegor Shergold, Ernst Schmidt, Martin Olsen and other archangelica.
Many of them held significant positions in financial spheres, in boards of Trustees of educational institutions and charitable societies, opened schools and high schools with their own money. Board of Trustees and the women's society of the poor half consisted of wives with foreign names. Among them, Maria Lindes, Mary Meyer, Ernestine Schmidt (PEC), Lydia Surkova.
Before the revolution the descendants of the foreigners who have accepted Russian citizenship, were widely used by native States as consuls: W. H. Grelle (Bremen), I. I. Gernet (Hamburg), A. I. Fontanes (Oldenburg), C. Brandt (Dutch, Danish, Bremen, Prussia and Hannover), V. A. Russata (French), E. E. Lindes (Prussia), V. M. Clifton (Mecklenburg), p. P. Dresen brothers and PEC (Danish, British). Representative offices were mainly on the island of Solombalsky, where there was a Harbor for foreign ships. Such a practice of appointment of consuls existed in the twentieth century and even in the first period of Soviet power.
Arkhangelsk is more than other cities, in contact with Western European culture, doing business with foreigners. In the middle of the 19th century in the German settlement was built the building of the commercial Assembly, designed for 1460 people, where meetings and various celebrations were held, which United all the foreigners of the city.

